Chemotherapy: What It Does, Side Effects, and Practical Tips
Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill or slow cancer cells. Doctors choose chemo when surgery, radiation, or targeted treatments aren’t enough by themselves. It can be given by mouth, injection, or drip. The schedule, drugs, and goals vary a lot—some chemo aims to cure, some to control growth, and some to ease symptoms.
Knowing how chemo works and what to expect helps you keep control. You’ll meet a care team: oncologist, nurse, pharmacist, and often a dietitian. They’ll explain the plan, likely side effects, and safety steps. Ask them for a written schedule and a list of emergency contacts before your first session.
Common side effects and how to handle them
Nausea and vomiting: Anti-nausea meds exist and work well. Take them exactly as prescribed and tell your team if relief is poor.
Fatigue: Rest is essential, but gentle activity like short walks can help mood and energy. Plan tasks for when you feel best.
Hair loss: Some drugs cause full or partial hair loss. Cold caps may reduce it for certain regimens; ask your clinic if that’s an option.
Low blood counts: Chemo can lower white cells, red cells, and platelets. Watch for fever, unusual bruising, shortness of breath, or bleeding. Call your clinic immediately for a fever over 38°C (100.4°F).
Mouth sores and taste changes: Good oral care, salt-and-baking-soda rinses, and soft foods help. A dietitian can suggest high-calorie, high-protein options if appetite drops.
Neuropathy: Tingling or numbness in hands and feet may occur. Protect your feet, avoid very hot baths, and report symptoms early—dose changes or supportive drugs can help.
Practical tips before, during and after treatment
Check drug interactions: Tell your team about all meds, supplements, and even grapefruit—some foods change drug levels by affecting liver enzymes. Your pharmacist will flag risks.
Prevent infections: Wash hands often, avoid sick contacts, and keep vaccinations up to date after checking with your oncologist.
Plan fertility and dental care ahead: Chemo can affect fertility and dental health. Ask about sperm/egg preservation and get a dental check before starting.
Track symptoms and meds: Keep a notebook or app with dates, side effects, and questions. Bring it to appointments so nothing gets missed.
Lean on support: Practical help with rides and chores matters. Counseling or support groups reduce isolation and can offer real coping tips from people who’ve been through it.
Always ask directly: What is the goal of my chemo? What side effects should I expect? When should I call you? If anything feels off, call your care team—early action prevents big problems.
Ask about clinical trials and second opinions if the plan isn’t clear; trials can offer new options. Keep a medicines list with doses and times, including over-the-counter drugs. Bring a friend or family member to appointments to help remember details. Finally, small practical steps—comfortable clothing, a refillable water bottle, and easy snacks—make treatment days easier.
Talk openly with your team; they want to keep you safe and informed.
